SIMON, HERBERT ALEXANDER ( b. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 15 June 1916; d. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 9 February 2001), administration, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, economics. While attending high school, Simon joined the debate team, where he argued "from conviction, rather than cussedness" in favor of George's single tax.[18]. (1916-2001) Herbert Alexander Simon was a Richard King Mellon University Professor of Computer Science and Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University, and one of only 14 foreign scientists to be inducted into the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Simon was the son of German immigrants, and received his A.B. My father, an electrical engineer, had come to the United States in 1903 after earning his engineering diploma at the Technische Hochschule of Darmstadt, Germany. August 2001Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science, Volume 5, Issue 3. article. Era hijo de un ingeniero eléctrico alemán que emigró a Estados Unidos en 1903, y de una estadounidense de origen europeo. Bounded rationality is a central theme in behavioral economics. from the University of Chicago in 1936 and a Ph.D. in 1943. Presents Simon’s contributions to artificial intelligence. He studied social science and mathematics at the University of Chicago; in 1943 he received a doctorate in political science. Later publications include Models of Man (1957), The Sciences of the Artificial (1969), Human Problem Solving, with Allen Newell (1972), and Models of Discovery (1977), among others. Simon’s father, an electrical engineer, came to the United States from Germany in 1903. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard expected utility theory. The Nobel E-Museum. Forest, Joelle, "John R. Commons and Herbert A. Simon on the Concept of Rationality". 2000 (with John R. Anderson and Lynne M. Reder). Herbert Simon’s ideas are also influential in behavioral economics, which examines methods people use to make economic decisions. I received an excellent general education from the public elementary and high schools in Milwaukee, supplemented by the fine science department of the public library and the many books I found at home. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. (1936) and his Ph.D. (1943) in political science from the University of Chicago, where he studied under Harold Lasswell, Nicolas Rashevsky, Rudolf Carnap, Henry Schultz, and Charles Edward Merriam. Simon’s lifelong passion was the study of decision-making and problem-solving. His central point is that decision-making is the heart of administration. Herbert Alexander Simon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on June 15, 1916. Pursues Simon’s program of making decision principles realistic. In addition to three stints as a university department chairman, I have had several modest public assignments. That work, in collaboration with Yuji Ijiri and others, was summarized in a book published just two years ago. [49] However, in an earlier article, Bhargava (1997) noted the importance of Simon's arguments and emphasized that there are several applications of the "procedural" definition of rationality in econometric analyses of data on health. [16] Simon's European ancestors were piano makers, goldsmiths, and vintners. Herbert Simon Biographical I was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on June 15, 1916. During his appointment he also worked with the Cowles Commission of Research Economics at the University of Chicago. Weirich, Paul. His maternal uncle, an economist, sparked his interest in the social sciences. His main contributions were to the fields of general equilibrium and econometrics. In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 - February 9, 2001) was an American political scientist, with a Ph.D. in political science, whose work also influenced the fields of computer science, economics, and cognitive psychology. How Does Active Learning Impact Critical Thinking, Creativity and Innovation? Organizational inducements, rewards, and sanctions are all designed to form, strengthen, and maintain this identification.[26]212. He attended public school and entered the University of Chicago in 1933 on a full scholarship . Simon advanced satisficing as a decision-making procedure. Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. To emphasize utility maximization’s reliance on probabilities of options’ outcomes, instead of certainty of their outcomes, theorists also call it expected utility maximization. About 1954, he and I conceived the idea that the right way to study problem-solving was to simulate it with computer programs. His models of administrative decision-making gained credibility by acknowledging an administrator’s limited time for deliberation and limited capacity to discover options and to acquire information about their consequences. (December 21, 2022). He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1978 and the Turing Award in computer science in 1975. That level may change as an agent acquires information and assesses the results of past decisions. One of Simon's earliest books, published in 1947, was Administrative Behavior. At that time, the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics was located at the University of Chicago. Some, such as Sydney Winter (1964), conclude that satisficing is not equivalent to utility maximization under constraints. Human Problem Solving. Riwayat hidup singkat Simon Simon mulai belajar secara lebih dapat diringkas dalam table 1. mendalam mengenai ekonomi. Herbert A. Simon Tribute A Tribute to Herbert A. Simon, Nobel Laureate and Artificial Intelligence Expert, Carnegie Mellon University, including memorial service, remembrances, photos, bio, work, and giving information. Yet, when it came to Barnard . (Trivers 1971; R. Alexander 1987), are unsatisfactory because they do not uniquely explain why cooperation is a stable behavior. Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Administrative Behavior addresses a wide range of human behaviors, cognitive abilities, management techniques, personnel policies, training goals and procedures, specialized roles, criteria for evaluation of accuracy and efficiency, and all of the ramifications of communication processes. Simon graduated from the University of Chicago in 1936 and earned a doctorate in political science there in 1943. This autobiography/biography was written The instructional task is not to "kill" motivation by demanding drill, but to find tasks that provide practice while at the same time sustaining interest. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. What are synonyms for Herbert Alexander Simon? In the “politics” of science, which these and other activities have entailed, I have had two guiding principles – to work for the “hardening” of the social sciences so that they will be better equipped with the tools they need for their difficult research tasks; and to work for close relations between natural scientists and social scientists so that they can jointly contribute their special knowledge and skills to those many complex questions of public policy that call for both kinds of wisdom. Herbert Simon introduced the term 'bounded rationality' (Simon 1957b: . Byron, Michael, ed. For his many and diverse contributions Herbert Simon was awarded the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1978. He recognized that reasonable executives of corporations may fail to maximize profits because they do not access all information, not even all available information, and so misjudge the effects, especially the long-term effects, of their decisions. The argument went on to note that profit maximization was not accomplished, in part, because of the lack of complete information. His research focused on decision making and its implications for social institutions. The maximization may occur within the set of options the agent actually considers instead of within the set of all options, considered or not. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. (December 21, 2022). Although Simon’s decision principles are normative, their attempt to set realistic standards draws attention to actual decision processes, which in some cases yield decisions falling short of the appropriate norm. Among his earliest influences, Simon cited Norman Angell for his book The Great Illusion and Henry George for his book Progress and Poverty. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. A rational decision procedure may yield a decision that is not substantively rational. He taught at the Illinois Institute of Technology from 1942 to 1949, and he engaged in research with colleagues at the University of Chicago and the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics. An observer may apply the standard of evaluation after the agent reaches a decision. [26], Simon argued that the two outcomes of a choice require monitoring and that many members of the organization would be expected to focus on adequacy, but that administrative management must pay particular attention to the efficiency with which the desired result was obtained. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/herbert-alexander-simon, "Herbert Alexander Simon Donald Knuth mentions the development of list processing in IPL, with the linked list originally called "NSS memory" for its inventors. Allen Newell, whom I had met at the Rand Corporation in 1952, held similar views. « previous 1 2 next » sort by « previous 1 2 next » * Note: these are all the books on Goodreads for this author. Modeling Bounded Rationality. A person may rationally make a decision after reasonable efforts to gather information even if he or she still lacks full information. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. Continues the work of Simon and Albert Ando on decomposable computer systems. In order to defend free trade, disarmament, the single tax and other unpopular causes in high school debates, I was led to a serious study of Ely’s economics textbook, Norman Angell’s The Great Illusion, Henry George’s Progress and Poverty, and much else of the same sort. Further information on Herbert Simon can be found in articles by two leading economists in H. W. Spiegel and W. J. Samuels (editors), Contemporary Economists in Perspective (1984), and Mark Blaug, Great Economists Since Keynes (1985). Flynn, Roger R. "Simon, Herbert A Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. His primary research interest was decision-making within organizations and he is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing". Simon joined the CMU faculty in 1949 and had important roles in the formation of several of its departments and schools, including the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (now the Tepper School of Business), the School of Computer Science and the Dietrich College’s Psychology Department, where he was instrumental in the development of its internationally renowned cognitive science group.The exploration of learning is one common thread across his work and career, playing an essential role in informing his research into cognition, intelligence and decision-making and being a central component is his ongoing work to improve pedagogies and higher education. Simon is primarily interested in seeking identification of the individual employee with the organizational goals and values. In that way I discovered the social sciences. Simon[27] saw two universal elements of human social behavior as key to creating the possibility of organizational behavior in human individuals: Authority (addressed in Chapter VII—The Role of Authority) and in Loyalties and Identification (Addressed in Chapter X: Loyalties, and Organizational Identification). Models of Thought. While not a household name, Simon is still widely-read and has had a profound influence on the underpinnings of nearly every social science. Notably, Simon was among the pioneers of several modern-day scientific domains such as artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, organization theory, and complex systems. These factors limit the extent to which agents may make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only "bounded rationality" and must make decisions by "satisficing", or choosing that which might not be optimal, but which will make them happy enough. [51], In his youth, Simon took an interest in land economics and Georgism, an idea known at the time as "single tax". Herbert Alexander Simon Transaction Publishers, 1991 - Public administration - 582 pages 1 Review Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Book by Herbert A. Simon, p. 53, 1969. Simon graduated from the University of Chicago in 1936, obtaining his PhD in 1943. It does not require an optimal decision but instead a decision expected to be optimal. [51], Simon's work has strongly influenced John Mighton, developer of a program that has achieved significant success in improving mathematics performance among elementary and high school students. Noun 1. Compares satisficing and optimizing. At this same time, Tinbergen and Theil were independently developing very similar techniques for national planning in the Netherlands. This item: Models of Thought: Volume I. by Herbert A. Simon Paperback. Along the way, he helped develop list processing computer languages that are commonly used among artificial intelligence researchers. Simon responded to Neisser's views in 1963 by writing a paper on emotional cognition,[40] which he updated in 1967 and published in Psychological Review. Alternate titles: Herbert Alexander Simon, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-A-Simon, Herbert A. Simon - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He enrolled at the University of Chicago in 1933 and graduated in 1936 with a degree in political science. Often referenced in both the abstract as well as the specific, some of Simon's views were discussed in 1996 by Herbert Kaufman in his acceptance of the Dwight Waldo Award of the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA), of which Simon is a previous recipient. Models of Bounded Rationality, volume 3. A comparison of satisficing and maximizing utility requires distinguishing two types of decision principles. In his 1967 JMS article, Herbert A. Simon argued that the central problem of designing a business school is to find ways to integrate disparate bodies of knowledge and skills into a synergistic rel. Satisficing and Maximizing. From 1942 to 1949, Simon was a professor of political science and also served as department chairman at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Herbert Alexander Simon was a notable and learned personality. What counts as a satisfactory decision depends on an agent’s aspiration level, that is, the agent’s realistic expectation. Walgren had called the meeting for advice on how he might For most adolescents, science means physics, mathematics, chemistry, or biology – those are the subjects to which they are exposed in school. According to a common principle, an option’s utility equals its expected utility—a probability-weighted average of the utilities of its possible outcomes. Simon's most important mentor was Henry Schultz, an econometrician and mathematical economist. In particular, economists should employ "auxiliary assumptions" that reflect the knowledge in the relevant biomedical fields, and guide the specification of econometric models for health outcomes. 2 vols. [53] Mighton cites a 2000 paper by Simon and two coauthors that counters arguments by French mathematics educator, Guy Brousseau, and others suggesting that excessive practice hampers children's understanding:[53]. [47], Simon has been credited for revolutionary changes in microeconomics. (1936) and Ph.D. (1943) from the University of Chicago. . ." It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision-making process influences decisions. Instead of maximizing their welfare, profits, or wages on the marketplace, Simon believed that lack of information about alternatives and the impossibility of foreseeing the future makes all of these participants "satisficers." Herbert A. Simon ( Herbert Alexander Simon: June 15, 1916 - February 9, 2001) was an American economist, political scientist, sociologist, and psychologist. An undergraduate field study for a term paper developed an interest in decision-making in organizations. Taken as a procedure, it has comparative steps that satisficing lacks and so is distinct from satisficing. Encyclopedia.com. Together, the three also collaborated on a software program designed to play chess as a human, not an expert. In stock. □. (December 21, 2022). Newell, Allen, and Herbert A. Simon. "[8], Simon was interested in how humans learn and, with Edward Feigenbaum, he developed the EPAM (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) theory, one of the first theories of learning to be implemented as a computer program. His mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel, was an accomplished pianist. Updates? Her ancestors immigrated from Prague and Köln. One involved playing a role, in 1948, in the creation of the Economic Cooperation Administration, the agency that administered Marshall Plan aid for the U.S. Government. November 7, 2022 | History Edit Herbert Alexander Simon 1916 - 2001 American political scientist, with a Ph.D. in political science, whose work also influenced the fields of computer science, economics, and cognitive psychology. Herbert Alexander Simon ( 15. června 1916 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA - 9. února 2001, Pittsburgh, Pensylvánie) byl americký vědec, který se zabýval počítačovou vědou, kognitivní psychologií, ekonomikou a filozofií. Its staff included Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans who were then directing the graduate work of such students as Kenneth Arrow, Leo Hurwicz, Lawrence Klein, and Don Patinkin. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The centerpiece of this book is the behavioral and cognitive processes of humans making rational decisions. My mother, an accomplished pianist, was a third generation American, her forebears having been ’48ers who immigrated from Prague and Köln. By his definition, an operational administrative decision should be correct, efficient, and practical to implement with a set of coordinated means.[27]. [60] With almost a thousand highly cited publications, he was one of the most influential social scientists of the twentieth century. His next professional post was at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University), where he helped build the Graduate School of Industrial Administration. Encyclopedia.com. Intelligence Activity: The initial step in the intelligence phase is often referred to as problem finding . Then the substantive standard of satisficing, but not the substantive standard of utility maximizing, applies to the agent’s decision. Encyclopedia.com. [21] Simon's studies led him to the field of organizational decision-making, which became the subject of his doctoral dissertation. "Herbert Alexander Simon Our work led us to feel increasingly the need for a more adequate theory of human problem-solving if we were to understand decisions. Crucial to this theory is the concept of “satisficing” behaviour—achieving acceptable economic objectives while minimizing complications and risks—as contrasted with the traditional emphasis on maximizing profits. His father, Arthur Simon (18811948) was an electrical engineer who had come to Herbert A.Simon the United States from Germany in 1903 1916-2001 after earning his engineering degree from the Technische Hochschule ofDarmstadt. Simon's home-shaped weltanschauung was profoundly enriched in the multi-disciplinary environment he found at Chicago (Dasgupta, 2003; Heaney and Hansen, 2006; Simon, 1985a). Much of his writing dealt with issues in psychology as applied to organizations, or what Simon called "micro-micro-economics." . see also Artificial Intelligence; Chess Playing; Decision Support Systems; Newell, Allen. Many know him as a Nobel Prize-winning economist, an administrative theorist . Taking rationality as a capacity for reasoning, Simon recognized that people have only bounded rationality. With David Hawkins, he proved the Hawkins-Simon Theorem. They had three children, Katherine, Peter, and Barbara. This leads to finding acceptable, but not necessarily optimal, solutions to problems. A decision meets procedural standards of rationality if the method of making the decision was rational and so, for example, employed sufficient deliberation. [17] Unlike most children, Simon's family introduced him to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically; his mother's younger brother, Harold Merkel (1892–1922), who studied economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison under John R. Commons, became one of his earliest influences. Simon's textbook Administrative Behavior was Utility maximization takes account of a decision-maker’s limited information about options’ consequences. His Parents were Arthur Simon (born 21st May in Ebersheim, Germany and emigrated to Milwaukee in 1903) and Edna Maguerite, née Merkel (born on 20th January, 1888, in St . An active leader in professional and civic affairs, he received an honorary doctorate from Marquette University for his many activities in the community. For agents with limited information, utility maximization is attainable. New York: Academic Press, 1977. Simon's father, Arthur Simon (1881–1948), was a Jewish[13] electrical engineer who came to the United States from Germany in 1903 after earning his engineering degree at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. [5], American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist, Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences. Decisions…, Broadly speaking, decision support systems are a set of manual or computer-based tools that assist in some decision-making activity. Herbert Simon made paradigm-changing contributions to the theory of rational behavior, including particularly his treatment of "satisficing" as an alternative to "maximizing" economic rationality ().It is therefore worthwhile examining his views of organizations and organizational decision-making and action — especially given how relevant those theories are to my current research . Then the student violates a standard of procedural rationality but nonetheless meets a standard of substantive rationality. Simon's views on rationality have been expounded in numerous books and articles, including Models of Man (1956), Human Problem Solving (with Allen Newell, 1972), The Sciences of the Artificial (1969), Models of Discovery (1977), and Models of Bounded Rationality and Other Topics in Economic Theory (1982). Choice Activity. Presentation time in expert memory", "Five Seconds or Sixty? Simon's main interests in computer science were in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, principles of the organization of humans and machines as information processing systems, the use of computers to study (by modeling) philosophical problems of the nature of intelligence and of epistemology, and the social implications of computer technology. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. A chess expert was said to have learned about 50,000 chunks or chess position patterns. Herbert Alexander Simon was part of a small group of faculty from Carnegie Mellon University waiting to confer with an influential local Congressman - Doug Walgren, then a member of the House of Representatives' committee responsible for the National Science Foundation budget. At the Cowles Commission, Simon's main goal was to link economic theory to mathematics and statistics. One must make choices that meet certain requirements for one's degree, balancing other factors such as personal preferences for times of classes, subjects one is interested in, distance to and from classes, and cost to create a satisfactory, albeit possibly imperfect, schedule. His mother, whose maiden name was Merkel, was a third generation American. On graduation in 1936, the term paper led to a research assistantship with Clarence E. Ridley in the field of municipal administration, carrying out investigations that would now be classified as operations research. He won top honors in a variety of disciplines. Simon's research interests were exceptional, extending from computer science and artificial intelligence to cognitive psychology, administration and economics. Herbert Alexander Simon , economista, politólogo y teórico de las ciencias sociales estadounidense. ." A brother, five years my senior, while not a close companion, gave me some anticipatory glimpses of each stage of growing up. My case was different. His book with Newell, Human Problem Solving (1972), is a classic in the literature on artificial intelligence. Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 - February 9, 2001) was an American economist, political scientist and cognitive psychologist. Machines Who Think. 1 Save Alert Simon, Herbert (1916-2001) J. Spender Economics 2015 2 Save Alert The theory of the managed firm (TMF) J. Spender Business, Economics Herbert Alexander Simon (Milwaukee, 15 de junho de 1916 — Pittsburgh, 9 de fevereiro de 2001) foi um economista estadunidense. 1987 (with P. Langley, G. Bradshaw, and J. Zytkow). After completing his dissertation, he joined the faculty at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Pada saat itulah Serikat. English: Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 - February 9, 2001) was an American political scientist, sociologist, and psychologist, and professor whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. His visionary perspective on decision making processes, climate change and . They may, given a certain triggering event, apply a heuristic outside its successful range of application. Simon firmly believed that the computer could and should aid in the study of human cognition and, ultimately, that what the computer could do in terms of cognition was "think." He was among the earliest to analyze the architecture of complexity and to propose a preferential attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions.[11][12]. There he gathered up sociology, psychology, politics, and biology, as well as mathematics, philosophy, and scientific research methods (Heuklom, 2006; Simon, 1982). In spite of his own mathematical prowess, Simon sought to break economic methodology out of the rigorous mathematical modeling which requires strong assumptions and quantifiable data into a broader arena of qualitative analysis using interdisciplinary theories. Herbert Simon, in his lecture given in Stockholm upon receiving the Nobel Prize in Economics, referred to Barnard as an "intellectually curious business executive who distilled from his experience as president of New Jersey Bell Telephone Company … a profound book on decision making …" (Simon, 1965, p. 25). CHREST has been used predominantly, to simulate aspects of chess expertise. There, he began participating in the seminars held by the staff of the Cowles Commission who at that time included Trygve Haavelmo, Jacob Marschak, and Tjalling Koopmans. Simon relaxed these idealizations to make progress toward a realistic theory of decision-making. From 1966 until his death on February 9, 2001, Simon was Richard King Mellon University Professor of Computer Science and Psychology. The steps are: 1. While attending middle school, Simon wrote a letter to "the editor of the Milwaukee Journal defending the civil liberties of atheists". Simon argues that individuals would be acting rationally by "satisficing," given real world circumstances. The Herbert Simon Decision Making Theory first appeared in his renowned book, Administrative Behavior (1947). [33], Decisions can be complex admixtures of facts and values. During his childhood Simon become fond of books, music, and the outdoors. INTRODUCTION Herbert Alexander Simon was born into a Jewish family in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 15, 1916. They had three children, Katherine, Barbara, and Peter. Their marriage lasted 63 years until his death. Presentation Time in Expert Memory", "Press Release: Studies of Decision-Making Lead to Prize in Economics", "Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures", American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2012 Book of Members/ChapterS, amacad.org, "Honorary doctors at Lund School og Economics and Management", interview with Ted Lowi (subsequent Cornell recipient of an Honorary degree from the University of Pavia), at news.cornell.edu, "Publicaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Boletín Informativo", "Elements of a Theory of Human Problem Solving", "Home - Carnegie Mellon University Libraries", Minds, Models and Milieux: Commemorating the Centennial of the Birth of Herbert Simon, Full-text digital archive of Herbert Simon papers, pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations, History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science, Documentary interviews with Herbert Simon, with critiques of his work, as part of the Nobel Perspectives project, Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_A._Simon&oldid=1131974027, Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery, Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association, Members of the American Philosophical Society, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Pages incorrectly using the Blockquote template, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Adequacy of achieving the desired objective, Efficiency with which the result was obtained, Identifying and listing all the alternatives.
El Crecimiento Demográfico, El Whisky Con Agua Mineral Engorda, Ejemplo De Bitácora De Trabajo Social, Principios Del Derecho Peruano, Caña Brava Planta Medicinal, Universidades Públicas Bellas Artes España, Procesos Formativos En El Aula, Camiseta Ecuador Mundial 2022 Azul, Venta De Departamentos Usados Baratos,